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Singapore and the United States on July 31 inked a 30-year agreement that will allow the Republic to learn more about the latest nuclear technologies and scientific research from American organisations.
The move will help Singapore make a more informed decision on the use of nuclear power as a clean energy source, said the authorities here, even as they stressed that no decision has been made yet on nuclear energy deployment in the Republic.
Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan signed the 123 Agreement on Nuclear Cooperation with the US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, who visited Singapore from July 30 to July 31 as part of a 11-day visit to South-east Asia.
The 123 Agreements is a “peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement”, said the US Department of Energy on its website. The US has 24 active agreements which will allow countries or entities to receive “significant transfers of nuclear material or equipment” from the US.
US firms are generally not authorised to export equipment and materials without a bilateral agreement in force, according to the Nuclear Energy Institute, a trade association based in the United States.
In a fact sheet issued to the media on July 31, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) said that any decision to deploy nuclear energy in Singapore will require “detailed studies of the safety, reliability, affordability and environmental sustainability of nuclear energy in our local context”.
Small modular reactors
Both ministries said Singapore will be joining the US Department of State’s Foundational Infrastructure for Responsible Use of Small Modular Reactor Technology (First) programme, which supports partners to better understand small modular reactors or other newer advanced nuclear energy technologies.
Small modular reactors are thought to be more suitable for land-scarce, population-dense Singapore as these reactors have a lower power capacity, enhanced safety standards and require much smaller buffer zones compared to conventional reactors. Such reactors have a generation capacity about one-third of traditional reactors.
Under the First programme, Singapore will gain access to a network of US entities involved in nuclear energy, including the US National Laboratories and countries developing newer nuclear energy technologies, to facilitate its capability building process.
This will support Singapore’s efforts to understand and evaluate advanced nuclear energy technologies, should viable options emerge
“This agreement builds on the long-standing civil nuclear collaboration between United States and Singapore and outlines a comprehensive framework to deepen peaceful nuclear cooperation based on a mutual commitment to nuclear non-proliferation,” said both governments in a joint statement on the signing of the US-Singapore 123 Agreement.
Nuclear non-proliferation is the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology.
Once in force, the agreement will enable deeper nuclear cooperation, consistent with the highest international standards of safety, security, and non-proliferation, the statement added.
“(This will) build on our strong bilateral partnership,” said both governments.
There has been a global resurgence of interest in nuclear energy, as countries recognise its potential in helping to get the world to net zero emissions by 2050.
At the United Nations climate change conference COP28 in 2023, more than 20 countries – including the US, Japan and South Korea, launched a declaration to triple nuclear energy capacity globally by 2050.
Singapore has indicated that it is considering all options – including nuclear energy – as a potential clean energy source in its push to net zero by 2050, as nuclear power provides a stable source of energy in a cost-effective way.
Renewable sources such as solar and wind can provide zero-emissions energy, but their supply is less stable due to intermittencies in sunshine or wind speeds.
In South-east Asia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand all have an interest in nuclear power, some of which are looking to build a nuclear power plant in the next decade or so. Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam have also signed the 123 Agreements with the US.
The Nuclear Energy Institute said on its website that the purpose of these agreements is to prevent diversion of commercial nuclear materials and technology from their intended peaceful use.
Among other rules, countries will be required to adhere to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) standards on the use and security of nuclear material, and restrict the re-processing and retransfer of the material and equipment.
By signing the agreement, Singapore will have access to detailed information that the US has placed under export control, and is a prerequisite for Singapore to collaborate with other countries that use nuclear energy technologies and designs containing intellectual property of US origin, said MSE and MTI.
International collaborations
Singapore’s agreement with the US builds on the Republic’s existing efforts in international collaboration to develop its domestic capability in nuclear safety. For example, existing collaborations have been in place with France, which has deep expertise in nuclear safety.
“Singapore is open to considering collaborations with countries that can support our capability building in nuclear science and safety,” said MSE and MTI.
Singapore has also been a member state of the IAEA since 1967, where it leverages their expertise for its capability building.
Singapore is already taking nuclear safety research to the next level, with a new multi-million dollar building for the Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Institute, ST previously reported.
The research building, which is at the National University of Singapore (NUS), has a target of having 100 nuclear safety experts in the longer term.
Evolving nuclear technology
– These large conventional nuclear fission plants – mostly fuelled by uranium – are the only types in operation currently.
– In a fission reaction, radioactive uranium atoms are split into two, kicking off a chain reaction that releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation. This heat is converted into electricity.
– These reactors typically require large buffer zones, which would be beyond Singapore’s radius.
– Three global nuclear accidents, including the Chernobyl meltdown and the Fukushima disaster, have made these plants controversial.
– But those incidents involved Generation II reactors, built till the 1990s. Since 2012, advanced Generation III reactors have emerged, promising better performance and safety elements.
– Traditional nuclear power plants produce massive amounts of energy – 24 million kilowatt-hours each day. One reactor can power 100 million light-emitting diode or LED bulbs.
– The SMRs are advanced reactors with a lower power capacity that can be factory-assembled and scaled up like Lego bricks. The power capacity of one SMR is about a third of traditional reactors, at about 300MW.
– With their smaller footprint, SMRs can be set up in dense places not suitable for larger nuclear power plants.
– SMRs also harness fission energy, but they don’t require human intervention to shut down because they rely on natural forces such as circulation, convection and gravity. These increased safety elements significantly lower the risk of unsafe radioactive leaks.
– Most SMRs worldwide are still being developed.
– The Sun, like all stars, is powered by nuclear fusion.
– Fusion occurs when two hydrogen isotopes collide, releasing massive amounts of energy – four times more than fission – with 1kg of fuel.
– To reproduce the Sun’s power on Earth, a temperature of over 100 million deg C is needed, with the help of strong magnetic fields in a doughnut-shaped chamber.
– Fusion reactors are not expected to produce long-lived nuclear waste. And as the fusion process is difficult to start and maintain, there is no risk of a runaway reaction and meltdown.
– While experimental reactors are being built, there is a long way to go before a commercial plant is up. Experts say the earliest could be the 2040s.
straits times